"In a recent study in 2015 the scientists found remains of biotic life in a few historic rocks, Western Australia, which dated back to 4.1 billion years ago and on July, 2016 the scientists confirmed about 355 genes which were from LUCA of all the living organisms on Earth.
Formation, change and loss of species through the evolutionary antiquity of life on Earth are validated by common sets of biochemical and morphological traits, plus shared DNA sequences. These common individualities are like species which share a recent common ancestor and can be used to rebuild a biological tree of life centered on radical connection with the help of fossils and species which still exist. The records from fossils comprise of progress from a biogenic graphite to microbial mat fossils to multicellular organisms. The prevailing arrays of biodiversity have been designed by extinction and speciation. Almost 99% of species which have roamed planet Earth are expected to be extinct. There have been about 10 to 14 million variety of species on Earth and 1.2 million only have been documented.
Charles Darwin in the middle of the 19th century had verbalized a scientific theory of evolution by natural selection; his work became famous through this published book ‘On the Origin of Species’(1859). When more offspring are produced which can actually survive is termed as evolution by natural selection; there are three main facts about populaces
- Behaviors differ among personages with respect to physiology, morphology and behavior.
- Various behaviors convene diverse rates of endurance and reproduction.
- Behaviors and traits can be passed down to generations.
Therefore in sequential generations members of a certain populace are substituted by offspring of parents better adjusted to endure and breed in the biophysical atmosphere in which natural selection happens. The quality where the procedure of natural selection builds and conserves qualities which are fit for the practical parts they perform is teleonomy. Sexual and natural selection are the only identified source of adaptation but are not the only reason of evolution. Mutation, gene migration and genetic drift are other non-adaptive procedures of evolution.
The significance of natural selection as a reason of evolution has been recognized into other disciplines of biology. Earlier detained thoughts of evolution like evolutionism, asorthogenesis and other principles on intrinsic progress contained by the largest-scale drifts in evolution became outdated scientific philosophies. By founding and analyzing postulates, creating mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological philosophies, using observational data and executing experiments in laboratory and field the scientists continue to study various traits of evolutionary biology. "
"Warum sterben Männer früher als Frauen? Bisher wurde die unterschiedliche Lebenserwartung meist auf biologische Faktoren zurückgeführt. Doch das ist falsch. In sardischen Bergdörfern lüften Altersforscher das Geheimnis der Langlebigkeit.
Was muss man tun, um 100 Jahre alt zu werden? Igino Porcu, 102, lächelt. 'Man darf nicht vorher sterben', empfiehlt er.
Dies ist die Vertonung des Titelthemas der SPIEGEL-Ausgabe 17/2016. Sie entstand in Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Blindenstudienanstalt e.V."
"The book that transforms our understanding of what we are and where we came from.
Specialist scientific fields are developing at incredibly swift speeds, but what can they really tell us about how the universe began and how we humans evolved to play such a dominant role on Earth?
John Hands’ extraordinarily ambitious quest is to bring together this scientific knowledge and evaluate without bias or preconception all the theories and evidence about the origin and evolution of matter, life, consciousness, and humankind.
This astonishing book provides the most comprehensive account yet of current ideas such as cosmic inflation, dark energy, the selfish gene, and neurogenetic determinism. In the clearest possible prose it differentiates the firmly established from the speculative and examines the claims of various fields such as string theory to approach a unified theory of everything. In doing so it challenges the orthodox consensus in those branches of cosmology, biology, and neuroscience that have ossified into dogma.
Its striking analysis reveals underlying patterns of cooperation, complexification, and convergence that lead to the unique emergence in humans of a self-reflective consciousness that enables us to determine our future evolution.
This groundbreaking book is destined to become a classic of scientific thinking."
"Slosson reviews the transformation of alchemistry from an obscure and imprecise practice to the science of chemistry. Along the way, he explains how the modern industrial world now relies on fertilizers, explosives, textile materials, polymers and metals.
By exploring the properties of a once undervalued element, the high strength of vanadium steel made the Ford car possible. Another element, cerium, appears in butane lighters and was once seen as a threat to the match industry in France.
In his chapter on oils, Slosson reviews the development of hydrogenated oils, especially during WWII, in the search for a way to reuse otherwise discarded components of corn and cottonseed. Through the revolutionary reaction of hydrogenation, waste materials became a stable product that wouldn't spoil when packaged or carried without refrigeration. Once thought of as a miracle, shoppers were once willing to pay more for fully hydrogenated oils than their natural, unsaturated forms. Only in recent years has evidence of health risks checked their popularity and given them the image of cheap, unhealthy fillers. (Summary by LivelyHive)"
"Part 2 of 3 of a book on evolutionary theory by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871. It was Darwin's second great book on evolutionary theory, following his 1859 work, On The Origin of Species. In The Descent of Man, Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection. The book discusses many related issues, including evolutionary psychology, evolutionary ethics, differences between human races, differences between sexes, the superiority of men to women, and the relevance of the evolutionary theory to society. (Summary by Wikipedia)"
"Marie Curie, born in Warsaw in 1867, was a Polish-French physicist and chemist famous for her work on radioactivity. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity and the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes - in physics (1903) and chemistry (1911). The risks of working with strongly radioactive materials were not known at that time, and she eventually died in 1934 from an illness likely caused by radiation poisoning.
Radioactive Substances is the thesis of Marie Curie, presented to the Faculté de Sciences de Paris in 1903, and subsequently published in "Chemical News" vol 88, 1903. Marie Curie gives a detailed description of her research on radioactive substances carried out at the Sorbonne. She details how she obtained the two new elements radium and polonium from pitchblende, explains her numerous experiments and presents measurements of all kinds. (Summary by Availle)"
"III. SEXUAL SELECTION IN RELATION TO MAN, AND CONCLUSION. Part 3 of 3 of a book on evolutionary theory by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871. It was Darwin's second great book on evolutionary theory, following his 1859 work, On The Origin of Species. In The Descent of Man, Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection. The book discusses many related issues, including evolutionary psychology, evolutionary ethics, differences between human races, differences between sexes, the superiority of men to women, and the relevance of the evolutionary theory to society.(Summary by Wikipedia)"
"A fascinating look back at the state of the art of chemistry 100 years ago, this book by James C. Philip, PhD, an assistant professor of chemistry at The Imperial College of Science and Technology, Kensington, provides a "description in non-technical language of the diverse and wonderful way which chemical forces are at work, and their manifold application in modern life" in 1910. Professor Philip relates many of the key chemical discoveries of early academic researchers in the context of the practical uses to which these discoveries were applied in the early 20th century. (summary by J. M. Smallheer)"
"How did life begin?
It is perhaps the most important question science has ever asked. Over the centuries, the search for an answer has been entwined with some of science’s most revolutionary advances, including van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope, Darwin’s theory of evolution, and Crick and Watson’s unveiling of DNA. Now, in an age of genetic engineering and space exploration, some scientists believe they are on the verge of creating life from nonliving elements and that our knowledge of the potential for life on other planets is ever-expanding. In the midst of these exciting developments, A Brief History of Creation provides an essential and illuminating history of Western science, tracing the trials and triumphs of the iconoclastic scientists who have sought to uncover the mystery of how life first came to be.
Authors Bill Mesler and H. James Cleaves II examine historical discoveries in the context of philosophical debates, political change, and our evolving understanding of the complexity of biology. The story they tell is rooted in metaphysical arguments, in a changing understanding of the age of the earth, and even in the politics of the Cold War. It has involved exploration into the inner recesses of our cells and scientific journeys to the farthest reaches of outer space. This elegantly written narrative culminates in an analysis of modern models for life’s genesis, such as the possibility that some of the earliest life was composed of little more than RNA, and that life arose around deep-sea hydrothermal vents or even on other planets, only to be carried to the earth on meteorites.
Can we ever conclusively prove how life began? A Brief History of Creation is a fascinating exploration not only of the origin-of-life question but of the very nature of scientific objectivity and the process of scientific discovery."
"The dean of Columbia University's medical school explains why our bodies are out of sync with today's environment and how we can correct this to save our health.
Over the past 200 years, human life-expectancy has approximately doubled. Yet we face soaring worldwide rates of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, mental illness, heart disease, and stroke. In his fascinating new book, Dr. Lee Goldman presents a radical explanation: The key protective traits that once ensured our species' survival are now the leading global causes of illness and death.
Our capacity to store food, for example, lures us into overeating, and a clotting system designed to protect us from bleeding to death now directly contributes to heart attacks and strokes. A deeply compelling narrative that puts a new spin on evolutionary biology, Too Much of a Good Thing also provides a roadmap for getting back in sync with the modern world."
"Apologia’s award-winning chemistry curriculum is written to your student in a conversational tone and cultivates independent learning. Our Exploring Creation with Chemistry, 3rd Edition, course is designed to provide them with a working understanding of chemistry while also preparing them for college-level studies and the ACT. Because math is a big part of chemistry, we recommend that students who take this course be proficient in algebra.
Curriculum OverviewApologia’s Exploring Creation with Chemistry curriculum is written to your student in a conversational tone. They will be intellectually challenged but also supported as they work through science concepts and thought-provoking experiments. Guided through a personalized format, they methodically learn, self-check, and master difficult concepts before moving on.
This chemistry course provides an in-depth introduction to the methods and concepts of general chemistry, as well as a ton of chemistry lab experiments that will help take your student’s learning even further!
In this course they will learn:
- Measurement, Units, and the Scientific Method.
- Atoms and Molecules
- Atomic Structure
- Molecular Structure
- Polyatomic Ions and Molecular Geometry
- Changes in Matter and Chemical Reactions
- Describing Chemical Reactions
- Stoichiometry
- Acid-Base Chemistry
- The Chemistry of Solutions
- The Gas Phase
- Energy, Heat, and Temperature
- Thermodynamics
- Kinetics
- Chemical Equilibrium
- Reduction-and-Oxidation Reaction"
"As intriguing today as when it was first published, Hume's An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is a fascinating exploration into the nature of human knowledge. Using billiard balls, candles and other colorful examples, Hume conveys the core of his empiricism - that true knowledge can only be gained through sensory experience. No other philosopher has been at the forefront of the mind than David Hume; physics, psychology, neuroscience - connections to Hume are everywhere. Here is the book that Immanuel Kant confessed to have awoken him from his 'dogmatic slumber'."
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