In the USA most businesses in operation are made up of micro and small businesses and are therefore of vital importance to the country's economy. These companies are large generating jobs and wealth, which contributes significantly to the increase in gross domestic product - GDP.
But one factor that has been extensively studied is the fact that they do not count with an efficient management system, which often leads to death in the first years of life. Often through ignorance or lack of advice from their accountants, small business owners fail to benefit from the information generated by the accounting that may be useful in business management. They begin to make decisions based solely on experience and who believe they have most often the results fall short of expectations.
Accounting is a science whose primary function is to provide reliable information for decisions to be taken with the utmost security. The information and data provided by accounting represent management tools that will support and support will decision-making and should be part of routine business, or provide support at all stages of the company. Many of these accounting controls are relatively easy to elaborate, and can be easily applied in the management of micro and small enterprises, especially those of retail trade, regardless of size.
There are a lot of talks going around when it comes to adjustment of fixed assets and depreciation expense in accounting terms. Depreciation is almost similar to that of any other expenses in the fact that all expenses are deducted from sales revenue to determine profit. Keeping this apart, however, depreciation is very different from most other expenses. (Amortization expense, which we get to later, is a kissing cousin of depreciation.) When a business buys or builds a long-term operating asset, the cost of the asset is recorded in a specific fixed asset account. Fixed is an overstatement; although the assets may last a long time, eventually they're retired from service.
The main point is that the cost of a long-term operating or fixed asset is spread out, or allocated, over its expected useful life to the business. Each year of use bears some portion of the cost of the fixed asset. The depreciation expense recorded in the period doesn't require any cash outlay during the period. (The cash outlay occurred when the fixed asset was acquired, or perhaps later when a loan was secured for part of the total cost.
Unlike the war in Iraq which had entered its last stage, the war in Afghanistan appears to have several open ends. The security situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated greatly and no comprehensive political outcome has yet arrived. By early 2009, several members of Congress, the officials of the administration and the outside experts had concluded that the efforts known as the America's "other war" required great national attention. In the inaugural address speech, the US President Barrack Obama had stated that the United States would forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan.
For the Afghanistan government, the war was an existential struggle for survival against the Taliban and other insurgents as well as the long-term efforts for the establishment of sustainable security and great stability. For the US government, the war in Afghanistan was concerned about the security of both Afghanistan and the surrounding regions. The concern also included the denial of the safe heaven to the terrorists and in ensuring the stable and constructive regional security balance. For the regional states which included Russia and India as well as the immediate neighbors of Afghanistan including Pakistan and Iran, the war in Afghanistan is critical as it can have a powerful impact on the future security and the balance of influence and power in the region. For the individual members of the NATO Alliance, the war might be the combination of defeating the terrorist networks, proving themselves as efficient NATO members, ensuring the regional stability and demonstrating the relevance of the Alliance of the security challenges of the 21st century.
Looking ahead, the United States government faces several operational and strategic decisions about the further engagement of Afghanistan in war. Some of the decisions include:
Clarification of the national interests of the United States in Afghanistan and the surrounding regions.
The definition of the clear strategic objectives which are based on the specified national interests.
The determination of the military, economic and diplomatic approaches which need to be adopted and what resources are committed to supporting the various kinds of approaches.
The prioritization of the war in Afghanistan war in comparison to the imperatives of the national securities which would include the war in Iraq and the preparation to meet the potential threats.
The helping of the marshal in a coordinated application of the international efforts.
The United States has argued over the security of Afghanistan since decades. As the world is working on building the national security in Afghanistan and the neighboring areas along with the local defense forces, there is still a great need to redouble the efforts at building up and strengthening the Afghan human capital and the proper institution of governance that would be able to stand up on its own one day as an effective and independent government.
The African-American history is fragment of America's history which precisely converses the Black American traditional groups staying in United States of America. Maximum of this population are original people of Africa who were deliberately brought and kept in confinement in the United States of America from 1555 to 1865. Many blacks whose ancestors had emigrated from the Caribbean to America are also considered to be African-American as their roots go back to Central or West Africa.
They have been referred by many names in the American history like 'Negro' and 'coloured', these terms are no more acceptable, African-American is an acceptable term and has a different implication completely.
Precisely what fragment of the African-American population is of exclusively African descent is unknown. In the past hundreds of years there has been a substantial mix of people from Africa with Europeans and American-Indians. Factually, the principal approach to racial group association in the United States of America has been that people having any Black-African roots are considered to be African-American.
The book discusses how they made their way to America and settled down here forcibly and adapted to the new environment. Their struggle to get their basic rights and how they finally came up emergent and now freely roam the soils of America with heads held high.
Exact insight into the relativity theory, from both philosophical perspective and general scientific perspective, for all those who are not conversant in theoretical physics and the mathematical apparatus, can be handy enough to understand the nuances associated with the subject. Einstein ideas were inspired basically by the brilliant theoretical physicist by then, Boltzmann. The physical meanings of Geometrical proportions can be understood better with the clarifications given in the Einstein theory. Plane, point and the straight lines are understood to wholesomeness with the basic conceptions of geometry. More or less solid ideas evolve and emerge from these basic definitions and clarifications explained well through Einstein theories.
Under mathematics come a number of different branches of which one is Algebra. You need to learn maths from all aspects to order to outshine in your field of practice. Let's say you want to become and engineer, actuaries or an architect maybe? You need to have a tight grip on maths for which you need to learn algebra like the back of your hand too. Right?
This particular book based upon algebra brings to its readers the following topics which are easy to understand and apply:
Introduction to algebraHistory of algebraHow to do it?Intermediate topicsTips
A scrutiny of how algorithm has been widely used in order to perform any task has been done here. The step-by-step solution to any problem is an algorithm.
The set of rules and steps which should be followed so that the task is performed smoothly, is called an algorithm. It is the guidelines presented/ listed in a systematic way which is required while performing the task.
The era of modernization where computer holds almost all the importance is also based on an algorithm. There are multiple problem-solving operations which require certain guidelines so that the goals are achieved. The languages of the computer which builds a relation between machine and humans work on these algorithms. No wonder the world knows what to do and how but the computer needs guidelines!
The instructions provided by the user makes it possible for the computer to work out the problem-solving statement. There have to be some standards of the algorithm that the device should understand. The algorithm is not only used in computers but it also holds great utilization in cooking and mathematics.
The algorithm can be in various ways but as for coding there are has to be certain specific coded terms. The algorithm should be simple so that it is easy to understand and can be followed. There are various areas where algorithms are used in mathematics. The big problems which need expert solutions need proper methodology. This method is provided by algorithms. It is not necessary that the algorithms should be short. It varies from problem to problem. The mathematics subject has always been a tough one. Many difficult problems need proper step-by-step explanation. The different answers to various problems can be efficiently explained by algorithms provided. The simpler specifications help to solve bigger problems as well. The algorithm contains the constrained set of instructions in understandable language. The more procedure-oriented problems appear more need of algorithm is required. The algorithm used in computers is different based on the type of problem. The algorithm can be of several types in computers, such as string operator type, recursive backtracking and divide and operator. Randomized operator algorithms are also of great use. There are various properties of algorithms such as they should be input and output specified. They should be definite and effective. The finiteness of algorithm should be maintained by the means of input and output specified. It means that the input should be given to the processor and then output should be received. The moment when a computer receives the input, the command is achieved and it starts its working to produce the output. The relation between the input and output should be maintained. The algorithm should be specific and if these properties are hindered, the system is malfunctioned. The command and coding require a brief introduction. The algorithm provided is that brief instruction which acts as the helping hand for the coder.
Not only in computers, but even in mathematics, the formula provided is kind of a helping hand for any problem. The algebraic problems are in need of some pre-instructions which ensure the absolute results.
This small volume discusses on one of the most hysterical topics on American history. The foundations of the republic of United States is a much discussed historical subject mired with dynamic emotional elements and rhetoric. It is indeed one of the epic episodes not just of the foundation of the great nation we see today, but also of the evolution of democratisation of the world.
The history of the United States is the history of its elected presidents, without whom the country would still be a mash-mash of several territories, native tribes and colonial possessions. America's war against colonialism would act as a catalyst of nationalism for several countries in the decades to come after the official surrender of the British at their defeat at Yorktown in 1783. The War of American Independence was led none other than by George Washington, the first President and one of the most influential rulers in American history. The country's gradual rise and triumph as the leading international power in the 20th century, still observed today, is a legacy left by none other by leading presidents like Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison and Franklin Roosevelt among many others, followed by their staff and individuals who coordinated in making a country known today as United States of America.
Brief discussion on the foundation of American constitution following from the events relating to the great war of independence, the legacy left behind by George Washington and his first cabinet, all up to the declaration of the Civil War, the bloodiest indigenous conflict the U.S has ever faced, resolved ingeniously by Abraham Lincoln's rigorous presidency and his guiding leadership still felt across America, are some of the topics of this volume. The legendary guidance showed by Franklin Roosevelt during the Second World War and the charismatic leadership of the late John F. Kennedy are some of the ending topics, concluding finally with the legacy left by modern presidents such as Bill Clinton and the currently presiding incumbent, Barrack Obama.
Egyptians have been known for their wonderful style of preserving the bodies of the dead and their pyramids. For about 30 centuries from 3100 BC till it was conquered by the Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Egypt was a well-known civilization. Their splendid pyramids and intricate wall designs in their palaces enchanted the archaeologists and the entire world. The history of Egypt can be known by pyramids, objects, monuments and artefacts that have been uncovered from the archaeological findings. The hieroglyphs containing many stories of the ancient past have been deciphered recently. The beauty of Egypt's majesty can be seen through these remaining's, their richness in their culture, heritage, tradition and religion was unmatchable during the ancient times. Ancient history of Egypt begins from the pre-dynastic period and ends with the conquest of Alexander the Great.
It is difficult to determine the exact time periods of Ancient Greece. The time hardly seems to carry any information as historians were few. Other than Herodotus, Xenophon and Thucydides there were hardly any historians who jotted down the happenings. Archaeological excavations where temples and buildings were discovered form the source of information mostly. Pottery, sculptures, artefacts etc. also give much information. There are different time periods into which ancient Greece has been distributed. It begins from the Neolithic Period and ends in Hellenistic Period.
Ancient history is a vast subject and can have you occupied for hours. The sources of ancient history have been uncovered slowly with time. Every corner of the world seemed to have civilization and a flourishing one. The ancient languages, trade, culture, religion, crops and even technology of the ancient man have surprised the historians. The study of ancient books and engravings speak of the ancient history civilizations being advanced nothing less than our modern civilizations. While our buildings crumble and fall there are buildings scattered across thousands of years old that still seem to uphold its majestic heights. Every engraving is so intricating, so fascinating and with a meaning or a story behind it. Their cities were well-planned to fight natural disasters and enemy attacks. How did they manage these complexities without having the luxury of so many machines and devices that our engineers and architects use today. This book will discuss all about the recorded history of mankind, where and how they flourished. Ancient authors have left behind a vast ocean of knowledge for us to discuss, study, learn and maybe implement them in our modern world
Ancient Rome was one of the largest and most developed civilizations in the history of mankind. They also had the highest population and their area on which their kingdom spread was the largest. The magnificent kingdom which was once ruled by powerful kings has now become a republican. Rome continues to be a prosperous country and some of its splendid past has still been preserved for the world to admire and ponder over its grandeur of olden days. The Romans had once ruled the entire Western Europe, Mediterranean region, North Africa and most parts of Eastern and Northern Europe. The kingdom was plagued with politics and foreign attacks which led to its fall.
